Lab Report On Photosynthesis

The effect of different colored lights on the rate of Photosynthesis Objective: To find out which color of light provides the best consequences for the production of oxygen/ the rate of photosynthesisBackground:In photosynthesis, there are two main parts, including light dependent and light-independent reactions. Plants use the energy from light for producing sugar, which is being converted into ATP by cellular respiration. They also are the only organisms that produce oxygen along with glucose and fructose chains within the light-independent phases of photosynthesis. This process takes place in the chloroplasts of plants, which include chlorophyll.Chlorophyll is essential for photosynthesis, since it absorbs the sun’s light. Green plants then use this light to combine CO and Hâ‚‚O for making sugars and oxygen. After this process Oxygen is being released though pores called stomata. The overall reaction can be expressed as follows; 6Hâ‚‚O + 6COâ‚‚ ïÆ'   Câ‚⠀ Hâ‚ Ã¢â€šâ€šO₆ + 6Oâ‚‚1There are four variables that affect the rate of photosynthesis; light intensity, temperature, COâ‚‚ and water.2 However, is it possible to count in the colour of light, too, which I am going to investigate in this lab. Since the photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts that has chlorophyll, the rate of photosynthesis can be affected by different colours of light, since the absorption of light changes within different colours. Research Question:What colour of light is most effective on the rate of photosynthesis? Five different coloured transparencies (red, green, yellow, blue, purple) are being used for changing the light’s colour. Within 5 minutes for each one of them, they will be used in order to see oxygen bubbles rising from a used water plant. The produced oxygen (in the form of bubbles) indicates the rate of photosynthesis and is being measured by counting bubbles. The highest amount of oxygen bubbles being produced per minute is equivalent to the highest rate of photosynthesis, and the colour providing the best circumstances for the production of photosynthesis. Hypothesis:Since Plants absorb green light, I expect the rate of photosynthesis to be the highest when red light is being used. This is due to the colour  spectrum, where one can say that red is the opposite colour to green. Therefore, I expect red light to provide the most energy for the plant absorbing it.Variables: Variable Type Method Light intensity Controlled At the most intense level possible (770 lux) and a distance of 50cm from the aquarium. Temperature of water Controlled At room temperature; adding colder water when temperature rises. pH level Controlled All solution has a pH of 7. Plant type and colour Controlled Leaves of the same species; green Coloured light IndependentChanging colours with coloured slides (yellow, blue, red, green, purple) in front of the light source. The rate of photosynthesisDependent Changed by the co lour of light, collected with stop watch and counted by produced bubbles.Material: 2000 cm ³ of water (~300 for every colour + water for controlling variables) One flask/ glass cup One test tube One funnel 2-3 healthy water plants One thermometer Spotlight Five coloured transparencies (blue, red, yellow, green, purple) Stopwatch One lux meterProcedure:Before starting the experiment, the spotlight has to be placed at point on the table, 20 cm away from where the plant is to be set. Then the lux meter is to be taken for calculating the intensity of the spotlight onto the plant. Following this, the colour transparencies will be set in front of the light and the resulting light intensity will be noted by placing the lux meter on the place where the plant is to be set. For each run, under-water cut leaves from the water plant are put carefully in the funnel, which small open end is put into the test tube. This all is to be done in the flask filled with the water provided for each run a nd is to be placed at the distance of 20 cm from the spotlight. 3 The water temperature is to be measured and to be kept constant at all time (+/- 1 °C).The first colour transparency is then to be placed in front of the spotlight and the oxygen bubbles rising from the plant’s leaves are to be counted. After 1 ½ minute, the first run of the first colour is completed and following 4 runs have to be concluded the same way. In case the water temperature rises, cold water has to be added. The experiment then has to be repeated 4 more times with the different coloured transparencies in the same way. (A procedure repeating each run 5 times, would be the best for minimizing errors that could occur, due to the 5Ãâ€"5 rule.) The collected data is noted on paper and will be processed to determine the rate of photosynthesis at every colour.Data collection and raw processing: The experiment was carried out with the following order of colours: Run 1-5: Blue Run 6-10: Green Run 11-15: Yellow Run 16-20: Red Run 21-25: Purple Raw Data Qualitative Observations: Run 1-5: A high number of bubbles rose up Run 6-10: Almost no bubbles were being produced Run 11-15: Only a few bubbles rose up Run 16-20: A very large number of bubbles were being produced Run 21-25: Not too many bubbles were being produced by the plant * Until the first bubbles rose up, some time has had passed already; the observations are only being compared with the data processed by the plant being used in this experiment, not with those from others.Quantitative Data: RunNumber of Oxygen bubbles being produced with Blue light Number of Oxygen bubbles being produced with Green light Number of Oxygen bubbles being produced with Yellow light Number of Oxygen bubbles being produced with Red light Number of Oxygen bubbles being produced with Purple light Run 1(after 90 sec.)4 2 0 0 3 2 Run 2 (after 180 sec.) 5 11 1 4 13 4 Run 3 (after 270 sec.) 12 2 4 15 6 Run 4 (after 360 sec.) 12 1 2 14 5 Run 5 (after 450 sec.) 13 1 3 15 5For a better overview the diagram below represents the quantitative data provided.Processed Data:The collected data has to be processed. This will be done by calculating the mean values for all runs of each of the colours by using Excel. The results will be put in a table, as well as in a diagram for a better overview. Also, for finding out whether the collected data is reliable or not and how different the results are to the means, the standard deviation for all runs of the colours have to be calculated using the same method.Bule Green Yellow Red Pruple Mean 10 1 2.6 12 4.4 Stand. Dev. 0.82 0.5 0.96 0.96 0.82 Table providing the processed dataDiagram providing the processed data for a better overviewConclusionAfter all data has been collected and processed, one can say that the stated hypothesis from the beginning of the lab report, which says that red is the colour that provides the best circumstances for the production of oxygen, is being supported by the observa tions and calculations made. The qualitative observations showed clearly, that the plant produced most oxygen under red light. The calculations of the means demonstrated that even though blue and red light had similar effects on the plant, the red light was most effective. Further calculations of the standard deviation showed that the data is not highly spread, standing for valuable data that has been collected.Therefore it is to be concluded that the colour providing best light for the production of oxygen and therefore for the rate of photosynthesis is red, followed by blue. Furthermore, the data collected in this experiment is supported by sources and expectations from the IB Biology curriculum (and others), which states conclusions about the colour spectrum and the effect on plants absorbing the different wavelengths of coloured lights. However, it is to be noted that the data being collected points out some significant differences, as well as similar numbers of oxygen being pro duced.This is probably due to the small protection of the light coming from the other sides onto the plant, which was not shielded and completely darkened except for the light coming from the spotlight. It is therefore more likely that the data collected was being influenced by the outside light, since there is a significant difference in the number of bubbles from the first run, in which few further light was influencing the production of oxygen. For improving the results, one could prepare the experiment in a darkened room, using more volt for the coloured lights.Another problem can be included with pointing onto the water, which, for better results und and  a higher rate of photosynthesis, should be changed to soda water, or at least, should provide a warm temperature and not as cold as the water was within Run No. 1. Even though there were these minor problems and possible improvements to this experiment, it worked out quite well, since the results being portrayed fit to those that have been published before.

Hate Crimes Against African Americans Essay

Hate crimes have affected African Americans in more ways than just violence; therefore, our government needs to approach hate crimes differently. Aside of the fact that the United States has elected the first African American president, hate crimes has still occurred before and during his presidency. Of the 7,624 hate crimes committed in 2007 alone, 2,659 of those hate crimes were done on African Americans (â€Å"Hate Crimes Against African Americans†, 2012). From the history of slavery, lynching, murders, the burning of crosses and churches, to the brutality that police officers have committed on African Americans, the black community has been affected tremendously in all aspects. The feelings and emotions of the African American society has been crushed and walked upon for over 400 years. In the nineteenth century, lynching was used to terrorize Blacks to maintain white supremacy. Lynching was open public murders of Blacks suspected of committing crimes. Lynching was normally done by hanging or shooting African Americans. During these years, the supremacy of white people thought that in order to control Blacks, they had to pump fear into them. Prior to 1882, there was no record or history of lynching in America (Gibson, 2012). In 1882, the recordings of lynching began with the Chicago Tribune. Other institutes such as the Tuskegee Institute, and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (N. A. A. C. P. ) independently kept records of the lynching (Gibson, 2012). This crime mainly occurred in the southern states however, it occurred throughout the United States. In the state of Mississippi, it was rated the highest in lynching African Americans (Gibson, 2012). Whites justified lynching black people as a law or â€Å"Neighborhood Watch† so to speak, included major crimes to minor offenses. Lynching blacks was based on the color of their skin and discrimination. One of the most memorable moments recorded that involved lynching was the murder and lynching of a 14-year-old African American boy named Emmett Till (Zheng, 2008). In August 1955, Emmett Till was traveling from Chicago to visit his relatives in Mississippi (Zheng, 2008). While traveling, Emmett stopped to purchase some bubble gum from a local grocery store near Money, Mississippi. Before Emmett left the store, he was accused of making a flirtatious pass at Carolyn Bryant who was the wife of the owner of the grocery store. Two days after the grocery store incident, Emmett was kidnapped at midnight by two Caucasian men, Roy Bryant and his half-brother J. W. Milam. Emmett was tortured and pistol-whipped in a barn that J. W. Milam once lived. Emmett’s body was thrown into a bayou from the Black Bayou Bridge. Emmett Till’s body was later found with a cotton gin fan tied around his neck to hold his body down in the river. In September 1955, Roy Bryant and J. W. Milam were tried for the murder of Emmett Till (Zheng, 2008). The five day trial was held and an all-white jury acquitted Roy Bryant and J. W. Milam (Zheng, 2008). In 1866, white people had established an organization called the Ku Klux Klan. Their purpose was to torture and kill African Americans along with any whites sympathetic to Black people. Their other purpose was to stop African American people from voting. From braking into an African American’s home at night, taking them out of their beds and murdering them, the Ku Klux Klan were not arrested for their behavior. The impact of hate crimes on African Americans has drastically changed the ways that Black people perceive society. Aside of the Ku Klux Klan’s purpose, the implant of fear still plays a role in the mind many black individuals. The religion-based characterization has been imprinted to the point that a black man or woman feels targeted, depending on the area that he or she lives or works in. The place of employment is mentally restricted in an African American’s mind to apply for a position based on the area it may be in. Stereotyping is a worldwide illness that has placed judgment on black men and women to the point that they are limited to opportunity and advancement in the working world and the political environment. Although we are no longer in the 19th century, hate crimes are still much alive in the 21st century. In late August, early September 2006, an African American student of Jena High School located in Jena, Louisiana asked if he could sit under a tree on campus that was commonly known for only white students to sit under (Christie, 2008). The very next day after the African American student sat under that specific tree, three nooses were hanging from the tree. The school principal of Jena High School found out that three white students were responsible for this incident. Even though expulsion was recommended for the three white students, the superintendent of the school only suspended them for three days. Because of the ongoing racial tension, in December 2006, a fight broke from a White student taunting some Black students supporting the incident of the nooses being hung from the tree in the school courtyard (Christie, 2008). The White student was badly beaten and had to be hospitalized. The African American students were later charged with attempted murder and conspiracy. The African American students were between the ages of 15 and 17, facing up to 100 years in prison without parole. African American residents of Jena, Louisiana stated that race has always been an issue there. With the percentage being 85% of Whites in that community, chances of the African American students receiving a lighter sentence was unlikely (Christie, 2008). With the hate crimes becoming so public, the government has made efforts to improve the well-being of citizens of the United States. The federal government created a hate crime bill that was signed into law by president Obama in October 2009 (Shively & Mulford, 2007). The hate crime bill helps protect the people of the United States from being a victim of hate crimes. This protects individuals from hate crimes based on race, color, religion, national origin, gender; female, male or intersexual, disability, sexual orientation and gender identity (Shively & Mulford, 2007). One may think that laws are here to serve and protect the community. If you were to ask individuals like Rodney King or Kendrec McDade, they would oppose to that statement. On March 3, 1991, the Los Angeles police pulled over Rodney King after a high speed chase with him and the L. A. P. D. The police officers pulled him out of his car and beat him severely. Luckily the beating was caught on videotape by a citizen name George Holliday who witnessed the police brutality. Four of the police officers involved in the beating of Rodney King were tried and all four police officers were acquitted in the Simi Valley courthouse. Because of the ruling, riots were triggered in Los Angeles. Over 50 people were killed and more than 2,000 people were injured. In the case and murder of Kendrec McDade, a 19-year-old African American was shot seven times by Pasadena police officers after receiving a false report of an armed robbery. The report was made by Oscar Carrillo-Gonzalez stating that Kendrec and another teenaged African American had robbed him at gunpoint. Oscar Carrillo-Gonzalez later admitted to lying about the two teenagers having a gun. He also stated that he said they had a gun so the police could come to the scene faster. Kendrec McDade was left on the ground where he was shot to death for a long period of time before receiving any medical attention. Because of these facts alone, it gives a great deal of doubt when trusting law enforcement to resolve certain issues correctly. Because of these types of crimes committed in the United States from then to now, there is definitely a problem that the government needs to come up with to solve this issue. Although there are not designated water fountains to drink out of or specific schools that African Americans has to go to any more, hatred toward African Americans still exist and needs to be stopped. Equality still has not been established in the working world, common socialization, profiling of law enforcers or the areas of living. It makes no sense to call it United States if different states have different laws. I believe that the government should enforce a more powerful law that will require a higher punishment for these crimes. Thankfully there have been strong politicians and witnesses throughout the years that have given proof to the eyes of others along with the rights that African Americans finally have. I also believe that these attitudes have been implanted in the heads of those by generations before us. With that said, we the people must change the way that we think of others in order to help prevent these crimes from continuing.

Assessment: Management and Performance Monitoring Plan

Assessment Activity BSBMGT617A Develop and implement a business plan Assessment 120 Student ID: Type: Assignment Duration/Due: 4 weeks Name: Question # Question 1 You and your business partner have decided to open a small business marketing consultancy in Sydney's bustling Chinatown district, close to The Sydney Business and Travel Academy. Marks 60 You have borrowed $75,000 from the bank to get started, and have each contributed $20,000 in cash, for a total amount of $115,000.Initially, the two of you will be the only full-time employees, but you plan to employ more staff as the business grows. For this assessment you will need to develop two profesionally presented and detailed plans – the business plan, and the performance monitoring plan. The business plan should be detailed, practical and have the following sections as a minimum:  § Table of contents Company vision, mission, values and objectives  § Stakeholder consultation  § Market requirements and customer profil e  § Pricing strategy  § Resource requirements (financial, human and physical)  § Legislative requirements (local, state and federal)  § 30-day Start-up Action plan Your business performance monitoring plan will detail how you will monitor the performance of your startup business.It will need to include details of the key performance indicators you will use, financial management strategies (including target ratios), human resource performance monitoring, your plan for continuous improvement, and details of how the business plan will be amended and updated as required. A large part of this assignment involves research. The internet is not your only tool. Seek advice and assistance from your trainer, government bodies, associations and business owners where appropriate. All information sources must be acknowledged and referenced. Thursday, 6 October 2011 1/1

Harmful Effects of Flu Vaccine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Harmful Effects of Flu Vaccine - Essay Example Scientists strive hard to develop new vaccines to effectively combat disease. This is a protracted process; and it takes several months to prepare a vaccine. Moreover, distribution of the vaccine is a time consuming task, and it takes months to distribute vaccine in the entire country. That is why vaccine manufacturers have to commence operations, well in advance of each flu season (Tesar, 2009). Viruses cause influenza and other respiratory ailments. The spread of seasonal diseases varies every year and season, and in every environment. The incidence of influenza in the age group up to 19 years was estimated to vary between 0 to 46%. The average incidence of influenza, in the same age group for a period of five years, was 4.6%. In children, the rate of incidence was 9.5%. It is not possible to generalize the outcomes of isolated studies and studies on small groups, regarding the effectiveness of vaccines. In addition, such studies are difficult to interpret (Jefferson, 2006). A tenth of those inoculated with such vaccine, experience side effects, like soreness at the site of the vaccination; and this is to a marked extent among children who are vaccinated for the first time. In addition, flu viruses change all the time and this leads to diversified virus strains. Consequently, flu vaccines have to keep on including these new strains (Tesar, 2009). The process of manufacturing flu vaccine usually starts in the month of February, when medical experts at the World Health Organization (WHO) recommend the composition of the vaccine to be manufactured, in order to meet the flu season of winter, in the Northern Hemisphere. In respect of the Southern Hemisphere, the vaccine production starts in the month of September. Vaccines consist of antigens from three virus strains; specifically two from type A and one from type B (Tesar, 2009). The effect of the flu vaccine varies from person to person, and these vaccines are effective amongst healthy youth. There is a

Haitian Culture and Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Haitian Culture and Society - Essay Example This paper outlines the origins of Haiti’s poverty in its geography, history and political evolution. There is then an outline of the main features of Haitian culture and a discussion of what culture is and how it is understood within Haiti and by outsiders looking on. Finally there is an explanation of the paradoxical â€Å"rich in culture but deep in poverty† paradox which both sustains Haiti’s sense of identity and inhibits its development in the future. Haiti’s geography is typical of the Caribbean region in so far as it is part of a larger tropical island. The Dominican Republic occupies the Eastern portion and Haiti has the smaller western portion. The terrain is mountainous in parts, and conducive to fruit and timber production, and the surrounding seas provide ample fishing possibilities. The climate is drier than in most surrounding islands which presents some problems for agriculture. Mineral resources are present, which made the island an attrac tive target for colonial activities from the 15th century onwards. The early history of Haiti is lost in the time before literacy and so it is impossible to tell exactly when and how the area was colonized and who set up the first settlements there. What is clear, however, is that the land was inhabited by an Amerindian people called the Tainos long before Columbus and the Spaniards arrived. The whole island was known as â€Å"Hispaniola† in deference to the European conquerors and it was quickly taken over and subjected to the exploitation of plantation and mine owners, using the local population as a convenient workforce. From this time onwards a pattern of emigration developed which still haunts the country to this day. The incoming Europeans brought with them many aspects of Western culture including the Roman Catholic faith, colonial architecture and incidentally also many diseases and vices which were unknown to the indigenous population. There are some records of local culture, including sporting and cooking practices, house designs and the â€Å"elaborate social structure organized around local chiefs or caciques.† (Girard: 2005, p. 19) Having taken what they wished from the part of the island which is present day Haiti, the Spaniards retreated to the far eastern tip of the island and left the west to return to its natural tropical jungle state. The next wave of conquerors were the French who added slavery to the list of exploitative practices that were used in Haiti. This brought huge changes to the island, such as the arrival of many thousands of captives from Africa and the building of western style cities and roads. It was at this point that one of Haiti’s most famous cultural practices was introduced: the tradition of voodoo. This was a loosely defined set of religious and cultural beliefs based on the polytheistic societies in West Africa. It existed alongside Catholicism, and the population often integrated elements of both religious traditions into their lives and practices. A combination of poorly educated priests and strong ties to ancestor and spirit worship from Africa ensured that this unusual combination was maintained into the present time. This syncretism is perhaps one of the most significant features of Haitian culture and it is carried through into its art, architecture, language, music and sports. Discrete

WRITE ON OAU ORGANAISATION OF AFRICAN UNITY PROVIDING A SUMMARRY OF Essay

WRITE ON OAU ORGANAISATION OF AFRICAN UNITY PROVIDING A SUMMARRY OF THE MAIN RATIONALE,PURPOSE,AND OBJECTIVES OF THE ORGANAISATION AND INCLUDE A DESCRIPTION O - Essay Example I start this paper with why I define the OAU and the AU as an IO. I continue with a brief overview of the history of the OAU that paved the way for the establishment of the AU. In the paragraph that follows, I give a brief description of how the OAU became the AU. I continue with the vision and objectives of the AU followed by an assessment of the structure of the AU and discuss the six most important bodies of the AU and its three financial institutions. The budget of the AU will then discussed where I identify several reasons why it is hard for the AU to find the necessary funding. I end this paper with a brief summary of this paper and a conclusion about the AU as an IO. Many scholars from the International Relation realm have studied IO. From the widely available literature about the study of IO, one can identify various definitions of IO. Both terms can be analyzed as being intertwined or as two independent terms. In the case of the OAU and the AU, to what extent can one see the OAU and the AU as IO It is clear that its member states are from the African continent as like the European Union (EU) and are all sovereign states. In addition, the OAU and the AU are based on a convention that was designed by the founding members of the OAU and the AU and which all member states have to ratify. ... Therefore, one can not reject the notion of the OAU and the AU not being an IO and by the same token accept the notion of the EU to consider an IO. The History of the Organization of African Unity The OAU was established on 25 May 1963 with the formation of two groups namely the Casablanca group and the Monrovia Group. The objectives of the OAU during the decolonization period were to support African states to gain their independence, to promote the unity and solidarity and to strengthen cooperation among the member states of the OAU. In addition, the OAU also ensured that its member states uphold sovereignty and territorial integrity among member states. On an international level, the OAU promotes international cooperation and to protect the interests of Africa (OAU 1963). The OAU charter that formally established the OAU was signed by 32 governments of African states in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Since the establishment of the OAU in 1963, the OAU made considerable progress in implementing the objectives and one can see the progress as the foundation for the establishment of the AU. However, it is beyond this paper to scrutinize the historical strengths and weaknesses of the OAU since it development. I, on the other hand, will shed light on several facets of the OAU as an institution that eventually led to the establishment of the AU. From OAU to AU From the objective to support African states for their fight for independence, one can conclude that the OAU accelerated the process of decolonization in Africa and by 1994 all 54 African states were independent. Unfortunately, this has been seen as the only objective that the OAU successfully implemented and realized. Within the widely available literature and

OUTLINE ASSIGNMENT Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

OUTLINE ASSIGNMENT - Research Paper Example Myrrh possesses effective antimicrobial activity, which is why it has been used in the treatment of many diseases. The other substance used in natural wound healing is the propolis, which is collected by bees Apis mellifera from trees. It has antimicrobial, antiulcer, anti-oxidative and antitumor. Traditional wound care has shown excellent results since they support the scientific that a most environment helps the healing process. II. Natural wound care methods entail the stimulating of the body to produce hormones and cells to help in the healing process. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is an example of a natural wound care method. It involves the inhalation of pure oxygen at three times the normal pressure. Blood carries the pure oxygen all over the body. It helps in fighting bacteria and stimulating angiogenesis. It promotes the release of stem cells and growth factors. Matrix therapy with OTR4120 also helps stimulates growth factors to speed up the process of healing. The OTR4120 helps in restoring the natural cell microenvironment, which aids in preventing an impaired wound healing process (Tong, et al., 2012). It helps the healing process by support an intrinsic regeneration of tissues. It corrects the factors that disturb the wound healing process. III. The healing of wounds in diabetes is done using many methods. The process can use traditional wound care practices that use honey, propolis, myrrh and other products with medicinal properties. Honey and propolis helps in speeding up the healing process for diabetes patients (Loft, Badra, W., & Alenzi, 2015). However, additional clinical evidence is required to determine the effectiveness of honey in clinical settings. In the use of honey, the MPH paste was applied to aid in the treatment of deep wounds. The natural methods of the healing of diabetes wounds are hyperbaric oxygen therapy and matrix therapy with OTR4120. According to research, both methods